Imaging the Cosmos, One Orbit at a Time

Lowering the Legal Drinking Age to 18 Essay - 748 Words

Lowering the Legal Drinking Age to 18 Sarah, an eighteen-year-old college freshman, walks into a convenience store and moves timidly to the back, hoping that no one she knows will see her. Opening the refrigerator door, she pulls out a chilled case of Coors Light. Sarah nervously approaches the cashier, with her fake ID ready to be shown, and places the case of beer on the counter. Upon first sight, the cashier assumes that Sarah is not of legal age to buy beer, because she is petite and looks young. When she places the case on the counter, the cashier asks her for her ID. Sarah, ready to show her seemingly flawless fake form of identification, hands it to him. At first glance, the ID seems to be real, and the date of birth†¦show more content†¦Is it right to grant eighteen-year-olds all of these privileges and responsibilities, and to restrict them from drinking alcohol? If eighteen-year-olds dont have the discretion to drink responsibly, then how could they possibly handle the responsibilities and priv ileges that adults have? I believe that eighteen-year-olds do have the ability to handle the freedoms and responsibilities of being an adult, which should include the privilege to drink alcohol. Many eighteen-year-olds are college freshmen, and, in most colleges, beer is available to people under the age of twenty-one. Remorseless drinking has long been as much a ritual of university life as football, final exams, and frat parties (Gorman, 176). I believe that the federal government is tempting these underage adults by restricting their legal ability to drink in such an environment as college campuses where it is legal for many of the students to consume alcoholic beverages. In order to be able to drink alcohol, many underage adults purchase fake forms of identification; Raising the legal drinking age from 18 to 21 in the 1980s merely triggered a boom in the business of creating fake ID cards (Gorman, 176). People twenty-years of age and younger are purchasing these fake for ms of identification in order to allow them to enter and drink in bars with their friends whoShow MoreRelatedThe Minimum Drinking Age Act1692 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum Drinking Age Act. This act stated that all states must raise their minimum drinking age to 21. Individuals under the age of 21 would now be prohibited from purchasing or being in public possession of any alcoholic beverage. Though not every state was keen on this idea, they all jumped to raise the minimum drinking age due to the government threat that they would lose up to 10% of their federal highway funding if they ignored the request. However, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act wasRead MoreWhy Lowering The Drinking Age Is A Good Idea?. Lowering1627 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Lowering the Drinking Age is a Good Idea? Lowering the drinking age to 18 in the United States has been a source of controversy in recent years. It has been a controversial topic because many people disagree, while many agree with the topic. For example, the people who disagree and are against lowering the drinking age to 18 believe we should not lower the drinking age because 18 year old individuals are not responsible enough to drink alcohol. While, the people who agree we should lower theRead MoreDrinking at 18 Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesDrinking at 18 If you look around at college parties it seems as if everyone is drinking. Actually you are probably right, but over half of those people drinking are also under the legal drinking age. Drinking is one of the main forms of entertainment for the typical college student. The only problem with drinking being the main form of entertainment is that half of the students in college or 20 years or younger. This seems to be a problem all over theRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Agre1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe legal age of adulthood in the United States for most purposes is 18. At the age of 18, a person enters the realm of adulthood and is assigned the rights and responsibilities associated with this legal status. For example, an 18 year old can legally sign a contract and is bound by the terms and conditions of the contract. An 18 year old can marry without parental consent, serve on a jury, and vote in state and federal elections. An 18 year old who is charged with a crime is not trie d in theRead MoreUnderage Drinking Is Part Of The Culture Of College1734 Words   |  7 PagesI did discover is that underage drinking is part of the culture in college, also the friends that I had in high school who are 21 now I have discovered they drink some of the least amount now. Which has begun to make me wonder why people who are 21 drink less than people who are underage. I believe that when people are 21 they now do not have to worry about the next time they can get alcohol. Congress should lower the drinking age from 21 to 18 because at age 18 when they are in college, for someRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered From The Age Of 21 Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered â€Å"adults† cannot even make their own decisions? The drinking age on alcohol is a controversial social and cultural issue in today’s society; all fifty states have a minimum drinking age of 21. The legal drinking age should be lowered from the age of 21 to 18 allowing y oung adults to be granted the right to drink in restaurants, bars, at social events, in the comfort of their own home, and so on. If anything, lowering the legal drinking age would have a positive impact on the United Sates economyRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered988 Words   |  4 PagesThe Legal Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered There are copious amounts of people who believe that the legal drinking age should be lowered to eighteen. Others think the drinking age needs to remain the same. A few of those also conclude the legal age of adulthood should be raised to 21. The belief is if the adolescent brain has not matured enough to support alcohol use by age 21, it cannot make the responsible decisions required at 18 years of age. Voters should make the decision toRead MoreIs it Right to Lower the Drinking Age?1070 Words   |  4 Pagesissue. My question is, â€Å"Why should we lower the legal drinking age†? Current proposals to lower the minimum legal drinking age to 18 would have some benefits like increasing revenue for bars and liquor stores. However the risks surpass the benefits. Many people think that if you’re 18 you’re portrayed as an adult, you’re old enough to serve your country, vote, and make your own decisions. In some cases this could be true, but lower ing the drinking age would be way too risky for themselves and othersRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?994 Words   |  4 PagesShould the Drinking Age Be Lowered? Approximately 2 out of every 3 high school students have drank to the point of getting intoxicated (binge drink), in more than one occasion (Centers for Disease and Control Prevention [CDC], n.d.). Binge drinking has become increasingly common for youth under the minimum legal drinking age, making it increasingly dangerous because of the lack of supervision that young adults have that can consequently, lead to death because of fear of the law (Bonnie O’ConnellRead MoreKeeping the Minimum Legal Drinking Age1283 Words   |  6 Pagesminimum legal drinking age in the United States or not. Many Americans forbid the idea of legalizing the drinking age so that it would be profitable to the businesses. Likewise, there have been many advantages and disadvantages of why should the government allow young adults drink under the age of 21. To prevent this issue, many Americans have provided reasoning that will support the idea of keeping the minimum legal drinking age where it is now. T he government should maintain the minimum legal drinking

Karl Marx, Alienation of Labor - 784 Words

Karl Marx believed that there are four aspects of a mans alienation that occur in a capitalist society. The product of labor, the labor process, our fellow human beings, and human nature are the four specific aspects of alienation that occur in a capitalist society. Marx said that in the product of labor the worker is alienated from the object he produces because it is bought, owned and disposed of by someone else, the capitalist. In all societies people use their creative abilities to produce items which they use to exchange or sell. Marx believes that under capitalism this becomes an alienated activity because the worker cant use the things that he produces to engage in further productive activity. Marx argued that the†¦show more content†¦Marx believes that under capitalism the human beings ability to plan production to match the developing and ever changing needs of society is reversed into a drive for profits. Karl Marx believed The history of past societies is the history of past struggles. Marx cites examples throughout history of how the lower class always rises up and createsShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Durkheim s Theory Of Labor Alienation1419 Words   |  6 Pagesdivision of labor. Both Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim, under this context of burgeoning market economy, sought to understand modern society and the underlying relations that lead to their formation and progress. In this essay, I will argue that while both Marx and Durkheim acknowledge the role of economic growth as a main driver of human society in their theories, they differ on the type of social relations that developed in tandem, relations that formed the basis of the division of labor. Marx (1978,Read MoreThe Economic And Philosophic Manuscripts Of 18441592 Words   |  7 Pages1844 was not published in Karl Marx’s lifetime. It is a series of fragmentary notes. Part of these notes is a piece called â€Å"Estranged Labor†. In this piece Marx rarely disputes the alienation of the bourgeoisie and focuses on the alienation of the proletariat relating to the hard work in factories in a capitalist society. I believe Marx is correct on his point of workers during his time and even so, it’s still relatable to today; there is alienation of the worker and of theRead MoreKarl Marx And The Great Philosopher Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx was born in Trier, Prussia in 1818 to a Jewish family, but despite his baptism at age 6, he later became an atheist. Marx attended University of Bonn, but due to his imprisonment for drunkenness and variances with another student, he was enrolled in the University of Berlin by his parents. Marx earned his degree in philosophy and began writing for Rheinische Zeitung, a liberal democratic newspaper. He later became their editor. Marx was a member of Young Hegelian movement which was groupRead MoreEssay on Perspectiv es of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx1215 Words   |  5 PagesPerspectives of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were full of evolving social and economic ideas. These views of the social structure of urban society came about through the development of ideas taken from the past revolutions. As the Industrial Revolution progressed through out the world, so did the gap between the class structures. The development of a capitalist society was a very favorable goal for the upper class. By using advanced methods of productionRead MoreKarl Marx : A German Influential Philosopher And One Of The Intellectual Fathers Of Communism1477 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx is known to be a German influential philosopher and one of the intellectual fathers of communism, writing when the industrial revolution and imperialism period was changing the nature of both the economies of individual nations and the global economy itself. He eradicated his view on the effects these changes had on individual workers and society. This introduced many of his theories, one of which was the idea of alienated labor. Alienated labor was written in 1844, Marx sets the view thatRead MoreEssay about Emile Durkheim vs Karl Marx1216 Words   |  5 Pageshistory, social theorists like Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx challenged the aspect of social structure in their works. Emile Durkheim is known as a functionalist states that everything serves a function in society and his main concern to discover what that function was. On the other hand Karl Marx, a conflict theorist, stresses that society is a complex system characterized by inequality and conflict that generate social change. Both Durkheim and Marx were concerned with the characteristics of groupsRead MoreEmile Durkheim vs. Karl Marx1689 Words   |  7 Pages------------------------------------------------- Emile Durkheim vs. Karl Marx Durkheim vs. Marx Introduction: For so many years, authorities from each field have deliberated normative theories to explain what holds the society together. Almost each specialist, from structural functionalism, positivism and conflict theory perspective, had contributed their works trying to illustrate main problematic to our society. In one way, one of the Emile Durkheim’s famous work is â€Å"division of labor† which was primarily focusing on howRead MoreEmile Durkheim And Karl Marx746 Words   |  3 PagesDurkheim and Karl Marx are considered the founding fathers of sociology. Both men had an influence on the development of sociology. Marx and Durkheim differed in their idea of what alienation consisted of. For Marx, the issue was class conflict. While, for Durkheim, it was a disordered society trying to adapt. Although they both had different concepts of alienation, both men believed that alienation lead to a man’s disconnectedness with society and their natural state of mind. Durkhei m and Marx also hadRead MoreSmall Element, Big Difference: A comparison of Adam Smith and Karl Marxs view on labor in a capitalist society.1723 Words   |  7 PagesAdam Smith and Karl Marx are both considered few of the most influential giants in social and economical history. When viewing their economical standpoints, it is not difficult to recognize the difference in ideas that they have regarding society. Adam Smith is an advocator for capitalism and the wealth that can be accumulated in it, while Karl Marx critiques on the flaws of capitalism and praises communism that will overthrow the capitalist society. However, both of them base their theories on theRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1151 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx was a philosopher, economist, socialist, and journalist in the 18th century. He is most famous for his books the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital. Among his theories he discussed ideas involving the economy, politics, and social relations. Some of his most important phrases most central to Marx’s thinking were alienation, freedom, surplus value, and social relations of production. The new ideas he presented regarding politics and economics, his critiques of other theories and political

Surgical Safety Checklist by the World Health Organization

Question: Discuss about theSurgical Safety Checklist by the World Health Organization. Answer: Giles, K., Munn, Z., Aromataris, E., Deakin, A., Schultz, T., Mandel, C., ... Runciman, W. (2017). Use of surgical safety checklists in Australian operating theatres: an observational study.ANZ journal of surgery,87(12), 971-975. The primary aim pf this research article was to understand the use of surgical safety checklists or SSC in Australian healthcare facilities. After the intervention of SSC by the World Health Organization to reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity, there were very less facts available regarding the use of SSC in Australian healthcare society. The method this study used was direct observation of employees using SSC by trained observers. Further audit was carried out to determine discrepancy in the process and observe the compliance between the practice and the process the healthcare facilities followed. The research was conducted in 11 healthcare facilities and according to the observers, the compliance to the checklist related process was 27%. Within 11 hospitals only 1 hospital was able to comply with the overall process. Further, in maximum of the hospitals, the audit revealed that process and records were not complying with each other. Hence the limitations of the study was the sampling and recruitment process. The goal which was set for the research also limited the scope of the research. the researchers decided to conduct study in 15 hospitals surgical department over 18 months period however, it does not occur as several hospitals prevented external entries within healthcare facilities. Therefore according to my view, this study will provide further scopes for several researches that will arise from the limitation of this study. Aveling, E. L., McCulloch, P., Dixon-Woods, M. (2013). A qualitative study comparing experiences of the surgical safety checklist in hospitals in high-income and low-income countries.BMJ open,3(8), e003039. The primary objective of this research article was to determine the challenges faced by both low and high income countries while complying with the SSC intervention of the WHO intended to reduce the mortality and morbidity. The research chose UK as the high income country and Africa as the low income country. The study design was Ethnographic that involves observation, interviews and collection of several documents from the healthcare facility. Further for the data analysis section thematic analysis was chosen. The sample size of this research was small and one African hospital and two hospitals of the United Kingdom were chosen to conduct the study. The researchers observed the surgical theatre of these three hospital settings for 112 hours and scrutinized each step to understand the detailed process the facilities followed and found that According to the observers they found maximum compliance between the Whos SSC and hospitals working environment. However, several steps were confl icting the philosophy of the system because of the difference between the strategy and the local cultural preferences. The limitation was casual and optimistic approach of the healthcare facilities. Hence, the future implication of this research setting in my view is extremely useful and has the ability to inspire many research subjects to find out the shortcomings of this research. Van Klei, W. A., Hoff, R. G., Van Aarnhem, E. E. H. L., Simmermacher, R. K. J., Regli, L. P. E., Kappen, T. H., ... Peelen, L. M. (2012). Effects of the introduction of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist on in-hospital mortality: a cohort study.Annals of surgery,255(1), 44-49. This research was also determined to evaluate the implication of SSC strategy developed by the WHO and find the potential effect related to the checklist compliance. The research was conducted as in Australian healthcare facilities, after the implementation of the SSC, a reduction in the mortality and morbidity rate was observed. Therefore, this retrospective cohort study was conducted with more than 25,000 patients that undergone surgeries in the healthcare facilities of Australia. Further to compare the patients acquired data, the electronic data was also collected from the healthcare facilities. Further several aspects such as patient outcomes, patient characteristics, surgical specialty, and comorbidity was also checked. The findings also indicated to the fact that crude morbidity reduced to 2.85% from 3.13% after the implementation of surgical safety checklist in the healthcare settings. Further from the patients responses it was determined that 96% patient responded that health care facilities complied with the WHOs SSC strategy. However the limitation of the study was biasness of patients and the refusal of several healthcare facilities to provide their patients electronic information to the researchers. Although the future implication of the study is positive as the study provided scope for future researches where possible bias and other inhibiting factors can be removed. Hannam, J. A., Glass, L., Kwon, J., Windsor, J., Stapelberg, F., Callaghan, K., ... Mitchell, S. J. (2013). A prospective, observational study of the effects of implementation strategy on compliance with a surgical safety checklist.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2012. In this research article the aim was to determine the effect of WHOs SSC Checklist as the healthcare facilities proposed that due to proper use of this check list morbidity and mortality rates decreased in their facilities. Further the research also find out the type of SSC program that is dependent to WHO or independent SSC was conducted in the healthcare facilities. The objectives were to compare one hospital having WHO supported SSC practice and another hospital having independent SSC practice. The method that was chosen for this research was observational and all three SSC domains such as sign in time out and sign out was observed in both the healthcare facilities. As well as they also observed the team engagement within the operation theatre. The research article presented findings depending on the three aspects of sign in, time out and sign out. In case of sign in, the compliance of hospital 1 and 2 was 96% and 31% respectively, for time out it was 99% and 48% respectively and for sign out 22% and 9% respectively. Therefore the findings were very clear that hospitals that conducted SSC process without the help of WHO were unable to comply with the process however the team engagement in the hospital 2 was better than hospital 1. Hence, the future implication of this research study is progressive as further research can be conducted on the conflict between team engagement and compliance with SSC of WHO. Rydenflt, C., Johansson, G., Odenrick, P., kerman, K., Larsson, P. A. (2013). Compliance with the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist: deviations and possible improvements.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,25(2), 182-187. The aim of this research article was to understand the issues that the healthcare facilities faced while complying with the WHO driven surgical safety checklist process to reduce the mortality and morbidity rates while the process of crucial surgeries. Further to understand the communication related issues, medical failures and support development while implementing the intervention in the healthcare facility. The objective of this research was to assess the level of deviation to the SSC process. The method was observation of the surgical site and for the purpose 24 surgical procedures in different healthcare facilities were observed. Within the healthcare settings, the observer decided to observe the three processes such as sign in, time out and sign out. However, as the maximum rate of error occurred in time out phase of surgical setting, the process of time out was specially analyzed so that compliance with the predefined observational protocol can be observed. It was observed tha t high compliance with the SSC protocol are being followed by the healthcare facilities. Further it was observed that the healthcare professionals mainly the surgeons and anaesthesia team dominated the time out process, which was the limitation of the study. Further the future implication of the study included research on other aspects such as sign in and sign out. The surgical safety checklist was developed by the World Health Organization as a tool to be used in the hospital surgical rooms while surgeries so that the morbidity and mortality rates can be decreased. According to this tool, the organization was responsible for any incident occurred in the healthcare facility and it is the duty of the healthcare experts present within the room to apply all the safety measures according to SSC. In this assignment, five research articles were collected that provided detailed idea regarding the SSC compliance of healthcare facilities. Further in this assignment, the overall findings of those five articles will be analyzed, synthesized and criticized. All the articles included in the annotated bibliography were focused to understand the level of compliance of healthcare facilities with the SSC tool. The first article by Giles et al., (2017), determined the understanding of Australian hospitals regarding the topic and found that Maximum of the healthcare facilities were not being able to comply with the SSC tool. Further According to Sparks et al., (2013), independent healthcare systems are the ones that are unable to comply with the SSC tool. Further the research article had several limitation such as sampling and recruitment issues, hence while critically analyzing the data of article it was determined that maximum of the healthcare facilities di not allowed the researchers to conduct research within surgical theatre, hence the authenticity of the results are primary concern. Further in the articles by Aveling, McCulloch Dixon-Woods, (2013) and Hannam et al., (2013), the challenges faced by healthcare facilities during complying with the SSC tool was determined. In the article of Hannam et al., (2013), issues regarding WHO support and WHO independent SSC compliance was compared and it was found that independent hospitals lack the ability to comply with the process. Hence, according to Pollach Namboya (2013), lack of experience and training the facility was unable to follow the steps provided by WHO. Whereas Aveling, McCulloch Dixon-Woods (2013) conducted research to understand the internal issues that distract facilities to comply with the process due to high income or low income. Further Care Knowledge (2014) also determined that GDP of the country is responsible for the development of the healthcare facility hence the results were critically correct. The fourth article was regarding a cohort study that was conducted by Van Klei et al., (2012) with the patients and healthcare electronic records to understand the level of compliance. However, it was seen that due to individual bias and inability of the researchers to use HER records of each patient the authenticity of the work hampered. However the main aspect of the study was to observe the reduction of morbidity rates which was observed from the result. Finally in the research conducted by Rydenflt et al., (2013), in which the issues faced by healthcare facilities in each aspect of SSC such as sign in, time out and sign out was discussed. Further from the result was observed that time it was dominated by senior healthcare experts that violated the SSC guidelines. Hence, critically, it was non-compliance with the study. While concluding it can be said that the healthcare facilities were unable to comply with the SSC tool as they lacked proper training and brief introduction on organization level as the application of theoretical knowledge on healthcare environment was difficult for them. However, all these research articles provided positive future implication as more research could have been conducted on the limitations of these researches to make the healthcare facilities completely compliance with the SSC tool. References Aveling, E. L., McCulloch, P., Dixon-Woods, M. (2013). A qualitative study comparing experiences of the surgical safety checklist in hospitals in high-income and low-income countries.BMJ open,3(8), e003039. Care, E. V. B., Knowledge, G. N. (2014). Center for Nursing Research, and Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing New Orleans, LA.The Ochsner Journal,14, e25-e38. Giles, K., Munn, Z., Aromataris, E., Deakin, A., Schultz, T., Mandel, C., ... Runciman, W. (2017). Use of surgical safety checklists in Australian operating theatres: an observational study.ANZ journal of surgery,87(12), 971-975. Hannam, J. A., Glass, L., Kwon, J., Windsor, J., Stapelberg, F., Callaghan, K., ... Mitchell, S. J. (2013). A prospective, observational study of the effects of implementation strategy on compliance with a surgical safety checklist.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2012. Pollach, G., Namboya, F. (2013). Preventing intensive care admissions for sepsis in tropical Africa (PICASTA): an extension of the international pediatric global sepsis initiative: an African perspective.Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,14(6), 561-570. Rydenflt, C., Johansson, G., Odenrick, P., kerman, K., Larsson, P. A. (2013). Compliance with the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist: deviations and possible improvements.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,25(2), 182-187. Sparks, E. A., Wehbe-Janek, H., Johnson, R. L., Smythe, W. R., Papaconstantinou, H. T. (2013). Surgical safety checklist compliance: a job done poorly!.Journal of the American College of Surgeons,217(5), 867-873. Van Klei, W. A., Hoff, R. G., Van Aarnhem, E. E. H. L., Simmermacher, R. K. J., Regli, L. P. E., Kappen, T. H., ... Peelen, L. M. (2012). Effects of the introduction of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist on in-hospital mortality: a cohort study.Annals of surgery,255(1), 44-49.